The Black And White Infant Mortality Gap Essay - 1577 Words

associations in a pathway model connecting race-based discrimination, stress, and negative preterm birth outcomes in African American women. After a great deal of research and strong evidence to support such claims, I have come to the conclusion that the cause of the black and white infant mortality gap can be attributed to the near two-fold increased rates of low birth weight and preterm births, and the near three-fold increased rates of very low birth weight and very preterm births among black infants. However, the cause of the racial disparities between such birth outcome rates remains largely unexplained. Most studies focus on differential exposures to risk, such as high teen pregnancy rates, single motherhood, lower education levels, poverty, and even genetic causes, but these factors do not adequately account for the racial disparities in birth outcomes. Based off of the studies previously mentioned, the lack of prenatal support, social support, and high allostatic load appear to be some of the main factors that contribute to accounting for the black and white infant mortality gap. As a result, researches have recen tly proposed an alternative approach to examining racial-ethnic disparities in birth outcomes using a â€Å"life course perspective†. A life course perspective, as defined by scientist Michael Lu, is known to â€Å"conceptualize birth outcomes as the end product of not only the nine months of pregnancy but the entire life course of the mother before the pregnancy.†Show MoreRelatedInfant Mortality : An Important Factor For Determining The Health Of A Nation883 Words   |  4 PagesInfant mortality is considered to be an important factor in determining the health of a nation. To better understand the severity of infant mortality rates this brief addresses the trend of infant mortality throughout history and then compares the differences in infant mortality rates (IMR) between black and white infants. The incidence of infant mortality before the 20th century was staggering, approximately a 30 percent of infants died before the age of one (CDC, 1999). At that time, survival wasRead MoreInfant Mortality : An Important Indicator Of A Nation s Health1159 Words   |  5 PagesInfant mortality has long been considered to be an important indicator of a nation’s health, and while it has fallen dramatically over the past five decades, there are still striking differences along socioeconomic, geographic, and racial lines. â€Å"In 2009, the infant mortality rate was 12.4 infant deaths per 1,000 live births among blacks, compared to 5.3 among whites.† Equally large and persistent differences by race are found for other birth outcomes – including stillbirths, preterm births, andRead MoreWhy African American Are The Leading Race For Infant Mortality And The Steps That Health Communities Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Infant mortality rate constitutes the death of a baby before their first birthday. Mortality rates around the world differ tremendously with America leading the first world countries at an alarming rate of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 births. Conversely, Finland and Japan secure the last, most desirable position, with deaths totaling 2.3 per 1,000 births, as of 2010. (Ovaska-Few, 2015) In 2014, over 23,000 babies died in the United States. (CDC, 2016) Exploring the mortality rates in AmericaRead Moretaking a Look at Infant Mortality888 Words   |  4 PagesInfant mortality is the death of a child that is less than one year of age. Infant mortality rates are measured by the number of deaths in infants per number of live births. Infants are usually up to that age of one year. The health outcomes of a pregnancy is mainly influenced by a womans health. Other risk factors include race, ethnicity, age, and income. Socioeconomic status and geographic location are major influences for infant morta lity of a child. Most babies that die before their first yearRead MoreThe Unequal Separation Of African Americans1453 Words   |  6 Pageshave stories and experiences of being qualified for a job but being turned down for being African American. Several experiments have been conducted where an African American would attempt to view homes in diverse neighborhoods and be turned down and white co-workers or friends would call immediately after and be invited to come in. Many African Americans have experienced mental health institutions and health clinics closed down in their neighborhoods while liquor stores, tobacco companies and fast foodRead MoreCorrelation between Social Strata and Levels of Stress1614 Words   |  6 PagesMarmot et al. (1991) explore the relationship between social hierarchy and health the seminal Whitehall civil servant study. Marmot et al. (1991) found that those who held higher occupational prestige had better health outcomes and lower risk of mortality than peers in lower occupational strata. One explanation was that those in lower social strata experienced greater daily stress than their peers (Marmot, 2004). This has been extended beyond occupational hierarchies; experiencing racism—the resultRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Birth Weight On Infants1518 Words   |  7 Pagesweight is used in describing infants weighing less than 5 lbs 8 ounces (2500g) whereas the average weight is 8 lbs (Stanford, 2015). An infant with a low birth weight has a significantly higher chance of neonatal and perinatal mortality (Maheswari Behera, 2014). Babies who do persevere and survive are documented of having inadequate neurosensory, cognitive, behavioral development and limited school performance (Guyatt Snow, 2004). Shiono and Behrman (1995) state that infants with low birth weight consistRead MoreThe Low Country Healthy Start Program919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Low Country Healthy Start program was designed to eliminate disparities in perinat al health, improve birth outcomes, and quality of life in African American women and infants living in Allendale, Bamberg, Hampton, and Orangeburg counties. This process evaluation sought to determine whether the services provided by LCHS were effective in changing the birth outcomes associated with chronic disease in African American women. Data collected from the initial risk screening and assessment survey alongRead MoreKey Social Problems Affecting Africans Americans Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems need to be solved. Impoverished blacks in the inner city may have difficulty finding or keeping jobs, while others may have jobs, but face troubles with work discrimination that prevent them from moving upward .Underemployment, workplace inequalities, and unbalanced medical attention are three closely related social problems that, if ameliorated together, could increase upward mobility, decrease poverty levels, and tighten the lifespan gaps for not only blacks, but also other minority groups. TheRead MoreThe Low Country Healthy Start Program1503 Words   |  7 Pagesamerican women and infants living in Allendale, Bamberg, Hampton, and Orangeburg counties. The Low County healthy start program propositions four purposes (1) Eliminate disparities in perinatal health by focusing on individual health behaviors and assisting women of child bearing age improve their health and the health of their families, (2) Increase responsiveness to women and families at high risk for poor outcomes by working directly with perinatal, women s health, infant health and social services

Effects Of Stereotypes On Latina And Black Women - 1245 Words

The effect of stereotypes on Latina and Black women Stereotypes have been around for a long time affecting the way people are treated. Many people confuse stereotypes with being prejudice but they are two completely different things. Today most stereotypes you hear are targeted to Black and Latina women. These stereotypes affect them in a negative way. There are multiple studies that show the way stereotypes affect the victim in various scenarios Stereotypes The way stereotypes started is not clearly known but an explanation for why they are used deals with research in cognitive psychology on the categorization process. Stereotypes are used as a way to be able to categorize people. They categorize a group of people into a group by social†¦show more content†¦Just like there are stereotypes targeting Latinas there are also stereotypes towards Black women. There are also good and bad but just because they are â€Å"good† does not mean that they affect Black women in a positive way. Sometimes women end up changing who they are to fit these â€Å"good† stereotypes. There are three major perspectives on stereotypes: Psychodynamic perspective, sociocultural perspectives and Cognitive perspectives. Psychodynamic perspective argues that stereotypes serve intra-psychic needs - protect self against anxiety (ego defense mechanisms); self-esteem benefits to viewing outgroup negatively. If stereotypes are to change, alternative s must be supplied for protecting against anxiety. Sociocultural argues that stereotypes are made by society and that for stereotypes to change new stereotypes need to be made. Cognitive Perspectives suggest that categorization is fundamental - simplifies, organizes, allows predictability. Stereotypes guide information processing to produce a bias that maintains the status quo. Attend to, notice stereotype-consistent information, make stereotype-consistent inferences, and recall stereotype-consistent information better, and so on. Incidental affect is affect generated prior to and independent of the intergroup context. Its effects depend on its informational value cognitiveShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Movie The Single Moms Club 1323 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia portrays more stereotypes than we can count on one hand. Latino’s and Latina’s are particularly stereotyped in media way too often. â€Å"This overview of the most common Hispanic stereoty pes portrayed in the media reveals why sweeping generalizations about Latinos are harmful† (Nittle). Whether it is a male or female Latin actress/actor, the stereotypes rage from: Latin lovers and sexpot’s to thugs and immigrants. When in reality, not all Latino’s are what the stereotypes claim. Have you everRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Media1418 Words   |  6 Pagesalthough subtle, is still present in our day to day life. Quite obviously we do not have slavery and segregation, but there are present stereotypes and prejudices against certain races and orientations. Television is one of the most popular pedestals for these cliche traits of people of color. A popular program that sheds a negative light on young black American women is Dance Moms. In this show, Abby Lee Miller, a renowned dance instructor, made Nia, an African girl, do a dance entitled â€Å"They CallRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria868 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes are dangerous weapons in our society. â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† is a short essay in which the award winning poet and professor of English, Judith Ortiz Cofer, wishes to inform and persuade the audience that labels and stereotypes can be humiliating and hurtful. The author targets the general public, anyone that doesn’t understand that putting someone in a box because of a stereotype is wrong. Cofer starts out the essay by telling the reader a story withRead MoreThe Representation of African Americans in the Media and Popular Culture901 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision, representations of African Americans often rely upon an array of stereotypes. Representation is the production of meaning through language or signifying systems. In media, the dominant stereotypes of African Americans include the sapphire, the coon, the jezebel, and the buck. These stereotypes originated during the minstrelsy period of the 1830s from white actors in blackface. While classic Black stereotypes originated during this period, they have carried on past the stage onto the smallRead MoreBlack Women And The Media1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmy gosh! you’re so pretty for a black girl.† â€Å"You’re black so I know you can twerk.† In socie ty these phrases may be considered as compliments for black women even though they are not. However, people only know what the media portrays black women to be. It emphasizes them as ghetto, loud, angry, and ignorant. Black women are more than the negative stigma that the media portrays. In our society, the media reinforces the plague of African American women by stereotypes and falsities originating fromRead MoreRace Is An Artificial Category Created By Mankind1067 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects society by allowing stereotypes to form in the culture. Jennifer Pozner discusses in her article how women of color are heavily stereotypes and how those stereotypes are reinforced in America Top Next Model. Pozner unveils how Asians are perceived as the cold and calculating ones of the show. While Latinas are the promiscuous or lazy ones, and African American women are stereotyped as the angry black women (Pozner, 398-400). These stereotypes make it hard for women to stand up for themselves Read MoreRacism, Class, And Gender Discrimination1316 Words   |  6 Pagesprevent social inequalities due to race, class, and gender to take place. Despite social regulations racism still is a part of out present day society. Article 34 by Christine Williams discussed discrimination in the forms of class, gender, and race to women in particular. Stratification leads to racial and gender discrimination in companies towards employees and customers. This is an analysis of discrimination in the workforce to colored woman as well as businesses discrimination to colored consumersRead More Discrimination and Misrepresentation of Minority Races in Film2457 Words   |  10 Pagesaltering the mindsets and viewpoints of minority racial groups that, †¦one of the side effects of American cinema was often crushingly brutal portrayals of other races and cultures, depictions that spread to larger audiences than ever before possible around the nation and even around the globe(Keller 5). The representation of Latino men, in my opinion, was the most severe and the most commemorated stereotype from the era of silent film to present day films because even from the earliest days, racialRead MoreThe Media and Control1219 Words   |  5 Pagesshows is a reflection of todays society. But by saying it constructs reality, I would be agreeing with the ‘effects model’, which assumes that â€Å"horrible things make us horrible - not horrified. Terrifying things makes us terrifying - not terrified. To see something as aggressive will make us aggressive - not aggressed against.† (Barker, 2001:38), what this quote implying is that the effects model does not take into account that people can think for themselves, they do have their own opinions and accordingRead MoreMedia Symbols Have Minimal Effects On Individuals955 Words   |  4 Pagesthe position that media symbols have minimal effects on individuals (Frazer, 1987), evidence suggests the contrary (Milkie, 19 99; Evans McConnell, 2003; Goodman, 2002; Mok, 1998). Women tend to be more at a disadvantage because cultural beliefs and stereotypes provide narrower, and more damaging images about women than about men (Milkie, 2002). The standards of what women should do, be, and look like are powerful, but subtle channels through which women are controlled (Milkie, 2002). These images

Dandelion Wine free essay sample

The theme of how life and death go hand in hand is impacted by Great-Grandmother, Colonel Freeleigh, and Helen Loomis. Great- Grandma gives us a new perspective on eternal life. Colonel Freeleigh shows us the realities of death, and Heather Loomis teaches us about finding new life in death. Life and death going together is shown in many ways, but these three characters are tools that Bradbury uses to amplify his message. Colonel Freeleigh impacts the theme of how life and death go hand in hand by showing us the realities of death. First off, the Colonel tells us about you can die purely from living. â€Å"It doesn’t matter if being so alive kills a man; it’s better to have the quick fever every time† (Bradbury 131). Bradbury’s word choice, saying that being so alive can kill, shows that life and death go together. Next, Doug, talking about the death of the colonel, says, â€Å"Yesterday a whole lotta dust settled for good. We will write a custom essay sample on Dandelion Wine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And I didn’t even appreciate it at the time†¦ I never dreamed so many people could die so fast, Tom. But they did† (Bradbury 136). The tone here shows regret, specifically when Doug says that he didn’t even appreciate what he had at the time. When the colonel died, all the people in his memories and stories died with him, and Doug realizes what was lost, and it causes regret. Colonel Freeleigh’s death really shows you how life and death go together. Great-Grandmother shows us how people really live forever, despite death. Later in the chapter, Great-Grandma says, Important thing is not the me thats lying here, but the me thats sitting on the edge of the bed looking back at me, and the me thats downstairs cooking supper, or out in the garage under the car, or in the library reading. All the new parts, they count. Im not really dying today. No person ever died that had a family† (Bradbury 183). The imagery here, especially the part where she describes everything she does, like cooking supper, show us how alive she will be in the memories of her family. Great grandma will live on forever in the minds and hearts of her family, even though she herself is dead. After this, Great-Grandma thinks to herself, â€Å"I’ve tasted every victual and danced every dance; now there’s one last tart I haven’t bit on, one tune I haven’t whistled. But I’m not afraid†¦ Death won’t get a crumb by my mouth I won’t keep and savor† (Bradbury 184). The tone here is calm and relaxed, Great- Grandma describing death as just another part of life, like the eating good food or dancing she states in the quote. Great Grandma’s calmness about passing away and talk about how life goes on after death proves that life goes hand in hand with death.